Upstream vs Downstream: Value Chain Guide for Investors
Warren Team
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Key terms
- Loan-to-Value Ratio (LTV)The ratio of a loan amount to the appraised value of the property, expressed as a percentage. Lower LTV ratios typically result in better loan terms and may avoid PMI requirements.
- Book ValueThe net asset value of a company, calculated as total assets minus intangible assets and liabilities. Used to calculate the price-to-book (P/B) ratio for stock valuation.
- Value StockStock trading below its intrinsic value based on fundamentals. Often established companies with low P/E ratios and steady dividends. Contrasts with growth stocks.
- Card Verification Value (CVV)The 3-4 digit security code on the back of credit cards used for online and phone transactions. Provides additional fraud protection by confirming physical card possession.
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