Quarterly Estimated Tax

Self-Employment Tax

A tax that self-employed individuals pay to cover Social Security and Medicare contributions, equivalent to both the employer and employee portions of these payroll taxes. As of recent years, the self-employment tax rate is 15.3%, consisting of 12.4% for Social Security and 2.9% for Medicare, applied to net self-employment income. Self-employed individuals can deduct half of this tax on their personal income tax return, and choosing to be taxed as an S-corporation can help reduce this obligation.

EIN (Employer Identification Number)

A unique nine-digit number assigned by the IRS to identify a business for tax purposes, similar to a Social Security number for individuals. An EIN is required for businesses that have employees, operate as corporations or partnerships, file certain tax returns, or open a business bank account. Applying for an EIN is free and can be done online through the IRS website, and it is one of the first steps in formally establishing a business.

Sole Proprietorship

The simplest business structure in which a single individual owns and operates the business with no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. While easy and inexpensive to set up, a sole proprietorship offers no personal liability protection, meaning the owner's personal assets are at risk for business debts and lawsuits. All business income is reported on the owner's personal tax return and is subject to self-employment tax.

S-Corporation

A special tax designation available to eligible corporations and LLCs that allows business income to pass through to shareholders' personal tax returns, avoiding the double taxation that C-corporations face. To qualify, the business must have no more than 100 shareholders, all of whom must be US citizens or residents, and the company can only issue one class of stock. S-corps also allow owner-employees to potentially reduce self-employment taxes by splitting income between salary and distributions.