Define Capital in Economics: Types, Theory, and Use
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Key terms
- Capital GainsThe profit realized from selling an asset for more than its purchase price. Capital gains can be short-term (held less than a year) or long-term (held more than a year), with different tax implications.
- Capital LossA loss incurred when selling an asset for less than its purchase price. Capital losses can offset capital gains to reduce tax liability.
- Venture CapitalA form of private equity financing provided by investment firms or funds to early-stage or high-growth startups that demonstrate significant potential for rapid expansion and large returns. In exchange for funding, venture capitalists typically receive equity ownership and often take an active role in guiding the company's strategy and governance. Venture capital is a high-risk, high-reward investment that has fueled the growth of many major technology companies.
- Working CapitalThe difference between a company's current assets (cash, accounts receivable, inventory) and its current liabilities (accounts payable, short-term debts), representing the funds available for day-to-day operations. Positive working capital indicates that a business can cover its short-term obligations and invest in growth, while negative working capital may signal financial trouble. Managing working capital efficiently is critical for maintaining liquidity and ensuring smooth business operations.
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